Why is Iceland called the Land of Fire and Ice?
Welcome to Iceland – the "Land of Fire and Ice," where nature’s most dramatic forces collide to create a breathtaking landscape of active volcanoes, steaming geothermal fields, and glacial wonders. It’s a place like no other, shaped by the raw power of tectonic forces beneath the Earth’s crust.
For travellers and adventurers, questions about these awe-inspiring volcanoes naturally arise. What causes the frequent eruptions? Are they dangerous? Can you visit an active volcano safely? Iceland’s geological story is one of constant transformation, and understanding it is key to truly appreciating the magic of this remarkable land.
One of the most exciting ways to experience Iceland’s volcanic activity is through the Volcano Express – a cinematic, immersive adventure designed to bring Iceland’s fiery history to life. From past eruptions to ongoing geothermal wonders, this experience offers a front-row seat to nature’s most spectacular displays.
Iceland has around 130 volcanic mountains, of which approximately 30 systems are active today!
What causes volcanic eruptions in Iceland?
Iceland sits atop a geological masterpiece: the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a vast underwater mountain range where two of Earth's major tectonic plates—the North American Plate and the Eurasian Plate—are slowly drifting apart. This unique position creates intense geological activity that makes Iceland one of the most volcanically active places on the planet.
As these tectonic plates move, magma from deep within the Earth's mantle rises to fill the gap. When enough pressure builds beneath the surface, it leads to an eruption. This process can result in different types of volcanic events, from slow lava flows to dramatic explosive eruptions.
Adding to this volcanic energy is Iceland’s hotspot—a region of unusually hot mantle material that intensifies magma production. This hotspot, combined with the spreading plates, explains why Iceland experiences frequent eruptions and boasts such a diverse array of volcanoes.
In simpler terms, Iceland is like a pressure valve between two giant forces of nature, constantly shaped by the interplay of fire beneath and ice above.
Did You Know? The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which runs through Iceland, is the longest mountain range on Earth, stretching over 16,000 kilometres!
How many active volcanoes are there in Iceland?
Iceland is home to around 30 active volcanic systems, each capable of producing future eruptions. Some of the most well-known and closely monitored active volcanoes include:
- Hekla – Often referred to as the "Gateway to Hell" in medieval times, Hekla has erupted over 20 times since the settlement of Iceland.
- Katla – Situated near the famous Mýrdalsjökull glacier, Katla is one of Iceland’s most powerful volcanoes, known for producing explosive eruptions.
- Fagradalsfjall – Located on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Fagradalsfjall has become a symbol of Iceland’s modern volcanic activity. After first erupting in 2021, it continued with eruptions through to the end of 2024. There is ongoing speculation that this volcanic system could reactivate in 2025, keeping geologists and locals on high alert.
To understand these volcanoes, it's essential to distinguish between active, dormant, and extinct volcanoes:
- Active volcanoes: These have erupted recently or show signs of potential future activity. Fagradalsfjall is an example, as it remains under close monitoring after its recent eruptions.
- Dormant volcanoes: These have not erupted for a long period but could potentially erupt again. Dormancy can last thousands of years in some cases.
- Extinct volcanoes: These are unlikely to ever erupt again due to a lack of magma supply. In Iceland, few volcanoes are classified as truly extinct because of the island's ongoing geological activity.
Iceland’s volcanic landscape remains in constant flux, with scientists closely monitoring seismic activity to predict and prepare for future eruptions.
Hekla has erupted more than 20 times since Iceland was settled. It’s also known for sometimes giving very little warning—just 30 to 80 minutes before an eruption begins.
When was the last major volcanic eruption in Iceland?
The most recent significant volcanic activity in Iceland occurred at Fagradalsfjall, a volcanic system on the Reykjanes Peninsula. The first eruption began in March 2021, marking Iceland's first eruption on this peninsula in nearly 800 years. This event captivated the world with its mesmerising lava flows, attracting thousands of tourists and scientists. The eruptions continued intermittently until the end of 2024, and there is ongoing monitoring to assess the potential for renewed activity in 2025.
Before Fagradalsfjall, Iceland's most globally disruptive eruption was that of Eyjafjallajökull in 2010. While the eruption itself was moderate in size, it sent a vast ash plume into the atmosphere, causing a near-total shutdown of European airspace for several days. This event stranded millions of travellers worldwide and highlighted the far-reaching impacts of volcanic eruptions on modern infrastructure.
Iceland’s volcanic history is filled with both dramatic and subtle events that continue to shape its landscape and global reputation. From the lava-spewing craters of Fagradalsfjall to the ash clouds of Eyjafjallajökull, each eruption is a reminder of the country's dynamic and unpredictable geology.
The ash cloud from Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 disrupted air travel for over 10 million passengers, with flights grounded across Europe for several days.
Are volcanoes in Iceland dangerous?
Volcanoes are powerful natural forces, but in Iceland, the risks they pose are carefully managed through a combination of advanced early warning systems, emergency protocols, and designated observation areas.
The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) plays a crucial role in monitoring volcanic activity. Using a network of seismometers, GPS sensors, and satellite imagery, scientists can detect early signs of eruptions, such as increased seismic activity or ground deformation. These warnings give authorities time to prepare evacuation plans and issue alerts to residents and tourists.
In the event of an impending eruption, evacuation procedures are well-coordinated to ensure safety. For example, when Katla or other large volcanoes show signs of unrest, local communities near glacial rivers—potentially affected by volcanic floods (jökulhlaups)—are promptly evacuated.
For visitors, Iceland offers relatively safe opportunities to witness volcanic phenomena. Tour operators and authorities maintain designated viewing zones around active sites like Fagradalsfjall, ensuring that tourists can enjoy the awe-inspiring sights without putting themselves in danger. These tours are led by experts who are familiar with the landscape and volcanic risks.
While eruptions are inherently unpredictable, Iceland's robust safety infrastructure makes it possible to experience the country’s volcanic wonders with minimal risk—provided that travellers follow official guidance and respect safety measures.
Iceland’s volcanic monitoring system is so advanced that scientists can often predict eruptions several days to weeks in advance by analysing seismic activity.
Can you visit an active volcano in Iceland?
Absolutely! Iceland offers visitors the rare opportunity to safely explore active volcanic sites, including the awe-inspiring Fagradalsfjall on the Reykjanes Peninsula. Since its eruptions in 2021 to 2024, Fagradalsfjall has become one of the most popular destinations for tourists seeking a firsthand encounter with volcanic power.
Guided tours are available to take you close to recent lava fields, where you can witness the dramatic aftermath of an eruption. Hiking trails around Fagradalsfjall offer breathtaking views of landscapes shaped by fire and ice. For those keen to dive deeper into the story of these eruptions, the Volcano Express experience provides something truly extraordinary.
The Volcano Express team gathered over 1,000 hours of live video footage from the eruptions between 2021 and 2024, ensuring visitors can relive these remarkable events. This immersive journey blends spectacular visuals with expert storytelling, bringing Iceland’s dynamic geology to life in a safe and captivating environment.
In addition to Fagradalsfjall, other notable volcanoes such as Hekla and Askja offer opportunities for exploration through organised tours, giving visitors the chance to marvel at Iceland's volcanic wonders under expert supervision.
Whether you're trekking across ancient lava fields or experiencing the magic of volcanoes through Volcano Express, Iceland is a place where you can safely connect with the raw forces of nature.
What should I pack for a volcano hike in Iceland?
Preparing for a hike to an active or recently erupted volcano in Iceland requires careful planning. The weather can change rapidly, and the terrain is often rugged, so it's important to pack the right gear for both comfort and safety. Here’s a checklist of essentials to bring along:
- Layers, layers, layers
- Iceland’s climate is unpredictable. Dress in layers so you can adjust your clothing as conditions change.
- Start with a moisture-wicking base layer, add an insulating mid-layer (like fleece), and finish with a waterproof outer shell.
- Waterproof and windproof gear
- A good waterproof jacket and trousers are crucial to protect you from Iceland’s frequent rain and wind.
- Ensure your clothing is breathable to avoid overheating during the hike.
- Sturdy hiking boots
- The volcanic landscape is uneven and often covered with sharp lava rocks. Sturdy, ankle-supporting hiking boots with good grip are essential to navigate the terrain safely.
- Snack and water
- Hiking near active volcanic areas can be physically demanding, so pack high-energy snacks and plenty of water to stay hydrated.
- Safety equipment (when visiting active zones)
- Gas mask or respirator: In areas near active eruptions, volcanic gases like sulphur dioxide can be present. A gas mask or respirator helps protect your lungs from irritation.
- Goggles: Ash or volcanic dust can irritate your eyes, especially if it’s windy. Goggles provide valuable protection.
- First aid kit and phone
- Carry a small first aid kit for minor injuries, as well as a fully charged phone with emergency contact numbers saved.
By packing these essentials, you’ll be well-prepared for a safe and enjoyable volcano hike in Iceland. Whether you’re trekking across cooled lava fields or watching steam vents in the distance, having the right gear ensures you can fully immerse yourself in Iceland’s volcanic wonders.
Top volcanic tours in Iceland
Exploring Iceland’s volcanic landscapes is an unforgettable experience. Whether you’re hiking near recent lava flows or visiting geothermal hotspots, guided tours offer a safe and insightful way to discover these geological wonders. Here are some of the top volcanic tours across the country:
1. Reykjanes Peninsula – Fagradalsfjall volcano tours
- Since the eruptions at Fagradalsfjall began in 2021, this area has become a major attraction. Tour providers offer hikes to the active volcanic site, where you can explore vast lava fields and steam vents.
- Recommended providers: Many tours depart from Reykjavík and include expert guides familiar with the area's volcanic history.
- For more information on experiencing this region, visit the blog on the Volcano Express website.
2. Landmannalaugar – A hiker's paradise
- Located in the Icelandic highlands, Landmannalaugar is renowned for its colourful rhyolite mountains and geothermal activity. Tours here often include hikes through lava fields, natural hot springs, and expansive volcanic landscapes.
- Tour highlights: Brennisteinsalda ("Sulphur Wave") and Laugahraun lava field. Many providers offer multi-day treks for a deeper experience.
3. Askja caldera and Víti crater
- Situated in the remote Ódáðahraun desert, Askja is a dramatic volcanic caldera filled with stunning scenery. Víti, a geothermal crater lake, is a key highlight for visitors.
- Guided tours: Due to the area's remoteness and challenging terrain, guided tours are recommended for safe travel.
4. Hekla volcano
- Known as one of Iceland's most active volcanoes, Hekla has a rich history of eruptions and offers adventurous hiking opportunities. Tours to Hekla often provide insights into Iceland's tectonic activity and folklore surrounding the volcano.
Whether you’re interested in short day tours or extended hiking adventures, these volcanic tours offer something for everyone. For more details on planning your volcanic adventure, check out related posts on the Volcano Express blog.
In Landmannalaugar, you can relax in a natural hot spring surrounded by volcanic mountains after a full day of hiking across lava fields.
Ready to explore Iceland’s volcanic wonders?
Iceland’s volcanic landscape is one of the most fascinating natural phenomena on Earth, shaped by centuries of eruptions and ongoing geological activity. Understanding the forces that drive this dynamic land enhances any visit, allowing you to fully appreciate the power and beauty of nature at its most raw and awe-inspiring.
Whether you're hiking near active volcanoes like Fagradalsfjall or marvelling at the colourful mountains of Landmannalaugar, Iceland offers countless opportunities to connect with its fiery heritage. For those eager to dive deeper into the country's volcanic history and witness these forces in action, the Volcano Express experience is the perfect starting point. With immersive storytelling and real footage captured during recent eruptions, it's your gateway to Iceland’s fiery core.
Start your adventure today at Volcano Express and unlock the secrets of the Land of Fire and Ice.
.png)
.webp)
.webp)
