Discover Eyjafjallajökull’s power and Iceland’s volcanic heartbeat

Iceland, often celebrated as the "Land of Fire and Ice," is a place where extremes meet. Towering glaciers and simmering volcanoes shape its dramatic landscapes, creating a country that is both mesmerising and unpredictable. These geological forces are not just a spectacle; they form an essential part of Iceland’s culture, history, and identity.

Among its many volcanic events, the Eyjafjallajökull eruption of 2010 stands out as a moment when Iceland captured the world's attention. The eruption sent colossal ash clouds into the atmosphere, grounding flights and disrupting global travel. Its impact was felt far beyond Iceland’s shores. Yet, for those familiar with this land of extremes, Eyjafjallajökull's awakening was just another reminder of the immense forces beneath Iceland’s surface.

Before you explore these remarkable landscapes in person, why not begin with an unforgettable experience? The Volcano Express Show at Harpa brings Iceland’s fiery story to life through an immersive journey of sights, sounds, and sensations. Feel the heat of eruptions and the rumble of the earth beneath your feet—right from your seat.

Let’s dive into the awe-inspiring tale of Eyjafjallajökull and its lasting impact on both Iceland and the world.

Eyjafjallajökull erupts: The timeline of chaos in 2010

The year 2010 will forever be associated with the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, a name that became infamous worldwide. What began as a spectacular local event soon escalated into a global crisis. Let’s retrace the key moments of this explosive chapter in Iceland’s geological history.

A fissure opens at Fimmvörðuháls – March 20, 2010

The first sign of unrest appeared on 20th March, when a fissure eruption began at Fimmvörðuháls, a popular hiking area near Eyjafjallajökull. Lava fountains roared into the night sky, their fiery orange and red hues casting a surreal glow over the surrounding mountains. Molten rivers of lava carved new paths across the land as thunderous rumbles echoed through the valleys. Witnesses were awestruck by the raw spectacle of creation in progress. The event attracted a wave of tourists and locals, eager to experience Iceland’s fiery heartbeat in person. Yet this dramatic display was only the prelude to an even greater eruption.

Two new craters, named Magni and Móði after Thor’s sons in Norse mythology, formed at the eruption site.

Eyjafjallajökull awakens – April 14, 2010

In the early hours of 14th April, Eyjafjallajökull erupted beneath its ice cap, initiating a series of explosive events. Intense heat rapidly melted vast amounts of glacial ice, triggering sudden glacial floods—known as jökulhlaups—that surged through nearby valleys. Villagers awoke to a deafening rumble and the sound of cracking ice as torrents of meltwater tore through roads, bridges, and farmland.

The eruption sent a towering column of ash 9 kilometres into the atmosphere. Steam hissed violently as magma met ice, producing a roaring eruption heard for miles around. The plume's sheer force spread volcanic ash across the North Atlantic within hours, creating a spectacle of swirling grey clouds in the sky.

More than 250 million cubic metres of ash were ejected in the eruption, eventually reaching as far as North Africa and the Middle East.

The ash cloud that halted air travel

The eruption’s ash cloud disrupted air travel on an unprecedented scale. Ash particles, invisible to radar but capable of damaging jet engines, lingered in the atmosphere. The skies over Europe turned a smoky grey as air traffic controllers scrambled to close entire flight corridors. Passengers described surreal scenes in airports, where terminals lay eerily silent as planes sat idle on the tarmac.

Over 100,000 flights were cancelled, affecting 10 million passengers globally. Stranded travellers spent days—sometimes weeks—seeking alternative routes home. It was the largest disruption to air travel since World War II, with billions of pounds lost to cancelled flights and delayed cargo shipments.

The local impact: Floods and ash storms

While the world was focused on grounded flights, Icelanders faced more immediate challenges. In nearby farms, ash storms swirled like black blizzards, burying fields under layers of volcanic debris up to 10 centimetres thick. Farmers worked tirelessly to shield their livestock from suffocating in the fine, glassy particles. The air was thick with the acrid scent of sulphur, which stung eyes and throats.

Glacial floods continued to wreak havoc, with raging waters washing away centuries-old roads and bridges. Yet Icelanders, ever resilient, adapted quickly. Within weeks, teams were clearing ash and restoring infrastructure, while the eruption itself drew thousands of curious visitors eager to witness the island’s geological power.

Eyjafjallajökull’s past eruptions and Iceland’s geological foundation

Eyjafjallajökull’s eruption in 2010 may be its most famous, but the volcano has a history stretching back centuries. To fully understand Eyjafjallajökull’s story, we must explore both its previous eruptions and Iceland’s unique geological setting.

A history of eruptions: Eyjafjallajökull’s earlier awakenings

Eyjafjallajökull is no stranger to volcanic activity. Its documented eruptions include two significant events in 1612 and 1821–1823. Both eruptions were accompanied by ash clouds and glacial floods, though their impact remained local compared to the global-scale disruption of 2010.

Historical records from the 1821 eruption describe ash covering farmlands and affecting agriculture for months. Farmers reported livestock deaths as animals choked on ash-contaminated grass. As in 2010, jökulhlaups caused flooding and destroyed parts of the landscape.

Prehistoric activity is evidenced by layers of volcanic rock beneath the glacier, indicating eruptions that shaped the region long before human settlement. Eyjafjallajökull remains an ever-present reminder that Iceland's landscapes are still evolving.

A land shaped by fire and ice

Iceland sits astride the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where two tectonic plates—the North American and Eurasian plates—are slowly drifting apart. This unique setting makes Iceland one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Beneath the surface, a mantle plume (a concentrated upwelling of hot material from deep within the Earth) fuels a vast network of volcanic systems.

The island's geology is a fascinating juxtaposition of constructive forces—volcanic eruptions building new land—and destructive forces, such as glacial erosion and powerful floods. This dynamic interplay has given rise to features like móberg ridges, lava fields, and subglacial volcanoes, many of which are visible throughout Iceland today.

Eyjafjallajökull’s place in Iceland’s volcanic network

Eyjafjallajökull is part of a broader system of volcanoes in southern Iceland, including the nearby Katla volcano. Katla is infamous for its large eruptions, which historically have occurred roughly once every century. Geologists monitor Katla closely, as its next eruption could have a profound impact similar to Eyjafjallajökull’s in 2010—or worse. The two volcanoes may even be connected through underground magma pathways, making their activity closely linked.

Iceland’s geological story is far from over. The very ground beneath your feet is still in the process of formation, offering visitors a chance to witness Earth’s natural forces at work in real-time.

Explore Eyjafjallajökull: Trails, views, and unforgettable adventures

The Eyjafjallajökull region offers more than just a glimpse into the island’s volcanic past. From awe-inspiring hiking trails to immersive visitor centres, the area is a treasure trove of natural beauty and adventure for travellers.

Walk on fire and ice: The Fimmvörðuháls hiking trail

For those craving an unforgettable experience, the Fimmvörðuháls hiking trail is a must. This trail winds through the site of the March 2010 fissure eruption, where fresh lava fields now stand as evidence of the earth’s power.

As you ascend, you’ll pass stunning waterfalls like Skógafoss, where mist and rainbows create a magical atmosphere. Higher up, you'll see the volcanic craters Magni and Móði, surrounded by newly-formed landscapes. Imagine walking on ground that didn’t exist just over a decade ago—a testament to Iceland’s ever-changing terrain. The stark contrast of black lava and ice-covered peaks is a visual feast for hikers and photographers alike.

Eyjafjallajökull Visitor Centre: Reliving the eruption

To deepen your understanding of the 2010 eruption, head to the Eyjafjallajökull Visitor Centre. Located near the base of the volcano, this centre is operated by a local family who lived through the event. Through photographs, videos, and personal stories, visitors gain a unique insight into how the eruption impacted the region.

One powerful exhibit showcases a time-lapse of the ash cloud’s progression, juxtaposed with footage of grounded planes across Europe. Listening to first-hand accounts of survival and resilience gives you a profound respect for the people living in Eyjafjallajökull’s shadow.

Glacier tours: A journey into Iceland’s icy heart

Eyjafjallajökull’s glacier, though often hidden under layers of snow and ash, is a world waiting to be explored. Guided glacier tours provide an opportunity to step onto the ice itself. Equipped with crampons and ice axes, visitors can trek across glittering ice fields, navigate deep crevasses, and even discover hidden ice caves.

The stillness of the glacier is punctuated by the occasional cracking of ice—an eerie yet exhilarating reminder that you are standing atop one of the planet’s most active geological sites.

Chasing waterfalls and panoramic views

Beyond the volcano and glacier, the Eyjafjallajökull region offers iconic sights like Seljalandsfoss, where you can walk behind the cascade for a surreal view framed by falling water. Further south, the black-sand beaches of Reynisfjara present dramatic coastal landscapes shaped by centuries of volcanic activity.

For panoramic views, hike to Þórsmörk, a lush mountain valley framed by glaciers and rivers. It's an ideal spot for capturing Iceland’s rugged beauty, with Eyjafjallajökull towering in the distance like a silent sentinel.

Feel the eruption: Volcano Express at Harpa

Start your Icelandic journey at Volcano Express, an immersive experience located in the iconic Harpa Concert Hall. In just 15 minutes, this cinematic show takes you on a gripping journey through Iceland's volcanic origins, the perseverance of its early settlers, and the fiery eruptions that continue to shape the land today.

The story of Iceland: Fire, survival, and resilience

Volcano Express tells the story of how Iceland’s settlers faced the raw, unpredictable power of nature. You'll learn how volcanic activity has influenced every aspect of life here, from the fertile farmlands nourished by ancient lava to the catastrophic eruptions that reshaped the landscape.

At the heart of the show is a breathtaking visual journey through recent eruptions in the Reykjanes Peninsula, which began in 2021. Witness magma bursting through cracks in the earth, glowing rivers of lava carving their way across desolate plains, and the transformation of Iceland's southern coast in real time.

A sensory immersion into Iceland’s volcanic saga

The Volcano Express experience blends awe-inspiring imagery with atmospheric effects that transport you to the heart of Iceland’s volcanic terrain. You’ll feel the intensity of the eruptions as the screen fills with cascading lava, swirling ash clouds, and glowing fissures. Meanwhile, the narrative reveals why Iceland’s settlers chose to endure these challenges—and thrive in a land defined by fire and ice.

Whether you’re already exploring Reykjavík or planning your first trip to the countryside, this show offers an inspiring introduction to the island’s geological wonders.

Plan your visit to Volcano Express

Located in Harpa, Reykjavík’s iconic glass concert hall overlooking the harbour, Volcano Express is perfectly situated to kick off your Icelandic adventure.

• Show length: 15 minutes.
• Focus: The history of Iceland’s volcanic origins and eruptions in the Reykjanes Peninsula (2021-present).
• Tickets: Available on-site and through the Volcano Express website.

Tips: After the show, explore Harpa’s striking architecture and enjoy panoramic views of the city and mountains.

Let Volcano Express prepare you for the adventure of a lifetime as you set out to explore Iceland’s active volcanic regions.

Discover Iceland’s volcanic wonders: Landmarks shaped by fire

From vast lava fields to glacier-covered volcanoes, Iceland offers a treasure trove of volcanic landscapes. Each region boasts awe-inspiring geological formations, many shaped by eruptions over thousands of years. Here are some must-see sites that showcase Iceland’s fiery heart.

Reykjanes Peninsula: The power beneath your feet

The Reykjanes Peninsula has become one of Iceland's hottest destinations—literally—since eruptions began here in 2021. Visitors can hike to Fagradalsfjall, where glowing lava flows emerged after nearly 800 years of dormancy in the area. Steam vents, mud pools, and the nearby Blue Lagoon highlight the geothermal energy coursing beneath the peninsula’s surface.

Stand atop fresh lava fields and witness landscapes that are still evolving in real time. The intense contrast of black rock, geothermal steam, and ocean vistas creates a surreal atmosphere.

Golden Circle: Þingvellir, Geysir, and Hekla

The Golden Circle is Iceland’s most popular sightseeing route, featuring three iconic landmarks.

• Þingvellir National Park: Here, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is visibly splitting the Earth apart. Walk between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates, where volcanic and seismic forces shaped the historic site of Iceland’s ancient parliament.
• Geysir Geothermal Area: Home to Strokkur, a reliable geyser that shoots boiling water up to 30 metres into the air every few minutes. The name "geyser" originates from this site.
• Hekla Volcano: Known as the "Gateway to Hell" in medieval times, Hekla is one of Iceland’s most active and feared volcanoes. It has erupted more than 20 times since human settlement, shaping local folklore and landscape alike.

South Coast: Seljalandsfoss, Reynisfjara, and Heimaey

The South Coast is a land of contrasts, where dramatic cliffs and black-sand beaches meet glaciers and waterfalls.

• Seljalandsfoss: This iconic waterfall offers a unique experience—you can walk behind the cascading water and gaze through it as sunlight and mist create magical rainbows.
• Reynisfjara Beach: Famous for its towering basalt sea stacks and crashing waves, Reynisfjara was shaped by volcanic forces and remains one of the most striking coastal landscapes in the world.
• Heimaey (Westman Islands): In 1973, a surprise eruption in Eldfell forced a dramatic evacuation of the island’s population. Today, visitors can hike the volcanic slopes and view the preserved remains of homes buried beneath lava.

Highlands: Landmannalaugar and Fjallabak

For adventurers, the Highlands offer some of Iceland’s most remote and spectacular landscapes.

• Landmannalaugar: Renowned for its rhyolite mountains and multicoloured peaks, this region was formed by centuries of volcanic activity. Hikers can explore trails that pass steaming fumaroles, obsidian lava fields, and hot springs.
• Fjallabak: Named for its "mountain back" terrain, this rugged area features ancient volcanic ridges, remote glaciers, and expansive lava deserts. It’s a paradise for those seeking solitude in Iceland’s untamed wilderness.

From the Reykjanes Peninsula’s newborn landscapes to the ancient volcanic ridges of the Highlands, Iceland’s diverse geological wonders await discovery. Each region tells a story of fire and transformation—one you won’t soon forget.

Traveller tips: Preparing for your volcanic adventure in Iceland

Exploring Iceland’s volcanic landscapes is an unforgettable experience, but preparation is key. From knowing the best travel times to ensuring your safety near active volcanoes, here are essential tips for your journey.

When to visit: Timing your trip for the best experience

Iceland’s landscapes change dramatically with the seasons, so choosing the right time depends on your interests.

• Summer (June to August): This is the most popular time to visit, with nearly 24 hours of daylight and ideal conditions for hiking trails like Fimmvörðuháls. Summer is perfect for glacier tours and exploring remote areas like Landmannalaugar, where roads are otherwise impassable in winter.
• Autumn (September to October): The autumn months offer cooler weather and fewer crowds. It’s also a great time for witnessing the Northern Lights as nights grow darker.
• Winter (November to March): Iceland becomes a wonderland of ice caves, snow-covered volcanoes, and frozen waterfalls. However, daylight hours are short, and some hiking trails may close due to icy conditions.
• Spring (April to May): As snow melts, rivers swell, creating powerful waterfalls. Roads to highland areas begin reopening, offering early-season access to volcanic sites.

‍

Stay safe: How to explore volcanic areas responsibly

Iceland's raw landscapes are thrilling, but they come with hazards. Here’s how to stay safe:

• Check volcanic and weather alerts: Iceland’s weather can change rapidly, and volcanic activity can resume unexpectedly. The Icelandic Meteorological Office (vedur.is) provides up-to-date information on weather, earthquakes, and eruptions.
• Dress for all conditions: Layers are essential. Weather can shift from sunshine to rain, wind, and cold within minutes. Waterproof jackets, sturdy hiking boots, and thermal clothing are highly recommended.
• Respect restricted areas: Some volcanic zones may be closed off for safety reasons during heightened activity. Always follow local signs and the advice of guides or rangers.
• Stay on marked trails: In geothermal areas, thin crusts can conceal boiling water or steam vents. Stick to designated paths to avoid injuries.

What to pack: Essentials for exploring volcanic landscapes

Pack light but smart to be ready for Iceland’s dynamic environments.

• Clothing: Waterproof and windproof outerwear, warm layers, gloves, a hat, and a buff or scarf for protection from wind and ash.
• Footwear: Sturdy, waterproof hiking boots with good ankle support.
• Daypack: Carry water, snacks, a map, and a fully charged phone (or GPS device).
• Extras: Sunglasses and sunscreen (yes, even in winter), a camera for capturing those epic landscapes, and a reusable water bottle to stay hydrated.

Guided tours: Making the most of your trip

For travellers unfamiliar with Iceland's terrain, guided tours offer a safe and enriching way to explore.

• Volcano hikes: Experienced guides provide insights into volcanic formations, eruption history, and safe routes.
• Glacier expeditions: Tours provide safety equipment like crampons and ice axes, essential for navigating icy surfaces.
• Cultural experiences: Many tours include visits to local farms, historical sites, and storytelling about Icelandic folklore connected to the land.

By preparing for Iceland’s unique challenges and opportunities, you’ll be free to fully immerse yourself in the magic of its volcanic landscapes. Whether you’re hiking lava trails, standing behind a waterfall, or marvelling at fresh eruptions, the adventure of a lifetime awaits!

Eyjafjallajökull’s legacy: A land shaped by fire and ice

Eyjafjallajökull’s eruption in 2010 was more than just a dramatic natural event—it became a symbol of Iceland’s unique connection to the forces of nature. From the chaos it unleashed on global air travel to the powerful local stories of resilience, the volcano continues to leave its mark on both the land and those who visit.

But Eyjafjallajökull is only one part of Iceland’s ever-evolving volcanic story. Across the country, you’ll find lava fields, glacial volcanoes, geothermal springs, and vast highlands shaped by centuries of fire and ice. These landscapes invite you to not just witness their beauty but to experience their raw power and transformation.

Before you embark on your exploration of Iceland’s volcanic regions, the Volcano Express Show at Harpa offers the perfect introduction. In just 15 minutes, you’ll gain a deeper understanding of how Iceland’s landscapes have been forged by eruptions like those on the Reykjanes Peninsula. You’ll leave ready to set foot on the ground where history and geology collide.

Whether you're hiking through the lava fields of Fimmvörðuháls, standing beneath the spray of Seljalandsfoss, or walking between tectonic plates at Þingvellir, you’ll find yourself immersed in the wonder of a land like no other. So pack your gear, plan your route, and get ready for an unforgettable journey through Iceland’s land of fire and ice.

Start your adventure today with Volcano Express—and let the story of Eyjafjallajökull inspire you to explore even more of Iceland’s volcanic wonders.

‍